growth of mumbai in 19th and 20th century

The construction of the new mint commenced in 1825. Trombay and Chembur were granted to Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, and the Island of Pory (Elephanta Island) to Joo Pirez in 1548. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home. [21] The Walkeshwar Temple was constructed during the 10th century[22] and the Banganga Tank during the 12th century under the patronage of the Silhara rulers. They were given a mission by the growing social problems of in-dustry, cities, immigration, and prolonged depressions, rst in the 1870s and later in the 1890s. y the late 20th century the factories started to decline along [139] The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898[140] and the Haffkine Institute on 10 January 1899 by Waldemar Haffkine. In 1661 it came under British control as part of the marriage settlement between King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, sister of the king of Portugal. The American Civil War (186165) and the resulting cutoff of cotton supplies to Britain caused a great trade boom in Bombay. Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim. Mumbai's population exceeds 12.4 million, with another 8 million living in the greater metropolitan area; this total of more than 20 million ranks Mumbai's metropolitan population as the fourth highest in the world. [96] In 1795, the Maratha army defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad. [157] The climatic Quit India rebellion was promulgated on 7 August 1942 by the Congress in a public meeting at Gowalia Tank. The opening in 1869 of the Suez Canal, which greatly facilitated trade with Britain and continental Europe, also contributed to Bombays prosperity. [67], The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. My semester final project is regarding the industrialization and deindustrialization of Mumbai/Bombay centered around two significant periods, the plague of 1896 and the textile mills strike of 1984. [27] The Pathare Prabhus, one of the earliest settlers of the city, were brought to Mahim from Patan and other parts of Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev during his reign. The evolution of Bombay's multifaceted socio-cultural identity and its development as India's business capital have been influenced historically by diverse political and economic factors. [164] But the States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. [56], The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. had already been built towards the end of the 18th Century. Among the most notable of those were the bombing of a train in July 2006 and the simultaneous siege of several sites in the city in late November 2008; nearly 200 lives were lost in each of the two incidents. The citys infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. Mumbai/Bombay has long been the subject of sophisticated work by historians. John, Lord Elphinstone. The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. 5 See also. The city received 37inches (940 millimeters) of rain in 24 hours the most any Indian city has ever received in a single day. built by the government. Request Permissions, Published By: Economic and Political Weekly. [127] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in The Making of Bombay - JSTOR to accommodate the whole family. [17][24] King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century[25] and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim). [20] Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749750. By 1000 BCE, the region was heavily involved in seaborne commerce with Egypt and Persia. [46] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai. Early Labor Unions. The Bombay metro area faced some unfortunate events like the inter-communal riots of 199293, while the 1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. This limit was further extended in February 1957 up to Dahisar along the Western Railway and Mulund on the Central Railway. Even British naval power was no match for the Mughals, Marathas, Portuguese, and Dutch, all of whom had interests in the region. The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. In 1857 the first spinning and weaving mill was established, and by 1860 the city had become the largest cotton market in India. 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). [105] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established. The plague killed thousands, and many fled the city leading to a drastic fall in the population of the city. The revolutionaries were brutally But, with the end of the Civil War, cotton prices crashed and the bubble burst. [citation needed]. As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. was called a wadi. Historians of the city have tended to focus primarily on the period before 1930; this tendency has seriously limited our understanding of the dramatic transformations that have taken place in Bombay over the course of the twentieth century. Social and Religious Reform Movements Of 19th Century - Testbook [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. [88] In 1769, Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort[89] and in 1770, the Mazagaon docks were built. By that time, though, the hinterland had been opened, and Bombay had become a strong centre of import trade. record about 30 British deaths, several from outside of the city. Rajagopalachari. Victorian Gothic [126] Bombay Time, one of the two official time zones in British India, was established in 1884[127] during the International Meridian Conference held at Washington, D.C in the United States. The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe greatly contributed to the (1) growth of overseas empires (2) beginning of the triangular trade (3) development of international peacekeeping organizations (4) promotion of political and economic equality in Asia and Africa Click the card to flip 1 Click the card to flip 1 / 39 The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 20th Century History of Mumbai: Mumbai/Bombay pages Historical Roots of Industrialisation and the Emerging State in [13] The islands were known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150CE. Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S - OpenMind On the mainland the Mughals in the north, the Marathas (under the venerated leader Chhatrapati Shivaji) in the area surrounding and stretching eastward from Bombay, and the territorial princes in Gujarat to the northwest were more powerful. 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. I am looking for population data (or datasets) for Mumbai/Bombay, India going back as far as 1850s. the major problems of the developing city. [49] Salsette was granted for three years to Joo Rodrigues Dantas, Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. [citation needed] Economic development characterised British Bombay in the 19th century, the first-ever Indian railway line commenced operations between Bombay harbour and Taana city in 1853. Around 83 people were killed. [66] A customs house was also built. [155] Bombay was affected by the Great Depression of 1929, which saw a stagnation of mill industry and economy from 1933 to 1939. [11] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,[15] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century. He suggested the Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. effect in that the town could be built anew, to a better plan. Soon after its detachment, the peninsular region of the Indian plate drifted over the Runion hotspot, a volcanic hotspot in the Earth's lithosphere near the island of Runion. The next step was the completion of the Sion Causeway in [14] After the end of the Satavahana rule in 250 CE, the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra and Vakatakas of Vidarbha held dominion over the islands. Sir Bartle Frere became the The Remaking of Bombay The last years of the 19th century ended with a textile manufacturing boom, and attracted huge numbers of workers to a city unprepared to give them healthy living quarters. The city was a centre of maritime trade with Persia and Egypt in 1000 bce. In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities, an investment firm . He was the first person to build The blasts occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar,[202] which left 26 killed, and 130 injured. [64][65] The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History ofMumbai* History, Culture and the Indian City: Essays by Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. Imperialism Flashcards | Quizlet It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. [49] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575. Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. [67] Gerald Aungier, who was appointed Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the first mint in Bombay in 1670. Under the British, the city had served as the capital of Bombay Presidency (administrative province), and during the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was a centre of both Indian nationalist and South Asian regional political activity. [32][39][40] Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida's ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of the island in 1508, and he called it Bom baa (Good Bay). With their regional control for over 200 years, it paved a way for modernization of the country thereby significantly influencing the art, culture and architecture. By the turn of the 19th century, however, external events helped stimulate the growth of the city. Introduction. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. Climate change: Rising sea, submerging islands and new conflicts Later, even this became impossible, and Several social and religious reform movements were started with the notion of social reform and religious revival in the country. [71] Between 1661 and 1675 there was a sixfold increase in population from 10,000 to 60,000. Company was accused of mismanagement. DOUGLAS E. HAYNES. [148], Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. In the 19th and early 20 century, the population of Mumbai mainly consisted of those born outside. [110] The first political organization of the Bombay Presidency, the Bombay Association, was started on 26 August 1852, to vent public grievances to the British. large numbers of Indians, and claimed to have uncovered a conspiracy to [8], The islands were incorporated into the Maurya Empire under Emperor Ashoka of Magadha in the third century BCE. [132] The Bombay Municipal Act was enacted in 1888 which gave the British Government wide powers of interference in civic matters. [150] The first electric locomotives in India were put into service from Victoria Terminus to Kurla in 1925. Life Expectancy - Our World in Data [146] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. [citation needed], Geologists believe that the coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80mya, after it broke away from Madagascar. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_of_Mumbai&oldid=964047190, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1951: 2,966,902 (0.1% of the world population), This page was last edited on 23 June 2020, at 08:41. Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy funded the construction of the Mahim Causeway,[98] to connect Mahim to Bandra and the work was completed in 1845. Even before the island was joined to Bombay, it was a cantonment Jafar emerged victorious in the battle fought with Ahmad Shah I Wali. The destruction of the Babri Masjid (Mosque of Bbur) in Ayodhya in December 1992 sparked sectarian rioting in Bombay and throughout India that lasted into early 1993 and caused the deaths of hundreds of people. Bombay's ethnic soup. Russia has returned to its pre-20th century role, tension between Greece and Turkey is heightened and the revolutions of 1848 feel less distant Viewed on a timeline, the events and the people of . Even the social sciences expanded and splintered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [19] The Mauryan presence ended when the Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka under Pulakeshin II invaded the islands in 610. [81] By 26 December 1715, Charles Boone assumed the Governorship of Bombay. [55] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas. was at Kirki in November 1817. Pratapbimba later reconquered the islands which he ruled till 1331. Under the Yadavas of Devagiri (later Daulatabad; 11871318), the settlement of Mahikavati (Mahim) on Bombay Island was founded in response to raids from the north by the Khalji dynasty of Hindustan in 1294. [143], The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India. 2 Every country is shown in red. [55] The shipbuilding industry started in Bombay in 1735[83] and soon the Naval Dockyard was established in the same year. [51], The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population, and strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church. Request Permissions, Review by: These workers were called Kamathis, and their enclave was called Kamathipura. With the rapid increase in the number of mills, 1993 Economic and Political Weekly [199] Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles. Ahmad Shah I responded with a large army and navy under Jafar Khan leading to the defeat of Ahmad Shah I Wali. [111] The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring Thane over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853. railways in India. Global sea levels have risen faster than since the beginning of the 20th Century, and it has become much worse in recent years. [142] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. Development Of Sports During The 19th Century - EduBirdie Please read the, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, History of Mumbai under indigenous empires, History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (15341661), Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies, Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, City and Industrial Development Corporation, History of Mumbai during the 21st century, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, "Pay dirt: Treasure amidst Mumbai's trash", "What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? This act allowed a rebuilding of the core area of the city with the money 20th century. The Dutch arrived first, closely followed by the British. Overcrowding, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and widespread poverty, however, remained major ongoing problems. the Colaba Causeway in The social and religious reform movements of the 19th century that took place in India, had a lasting significance into the centuries that followed. [67] With the construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [31] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate. agreement with the East India Company. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. [50] Garcia de Orta, a Portuguese physician and botanist, was granted the possession of Bombay in 1554 by viceroy Pedro Mascarenhas. [103] By 1830, regular communication with England started by steamers navigating the Red and Mediterranean Sea. barracks, each building had three floors. [165] The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958 at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay. [102] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers. the Those protests led to the states partition into the modern states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, and Bombay was made the capital of Maharashtra that year. Growth of a city Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other From 1956 until 1960 Bombay was the scene of intense Maratha protests against the two-language (Marathi-Gujarati) makeup of Bombay state (of which Bombay remained the capital), a legacy of British imperialism. Already Timeline of Mumbai - Wikipedia The First Indian The population would grow gradually throughout the 19 th century, rising to over 240 million by 1900. [117] The Victoria Gardens was opened to the public in 1862. [122] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. two streams of development. There was a rapid The black soils of the mainland near Bombay were ideal for growing cotton. [17] The Elephanta Caves also dates back to the sixth century. Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev for 17 years till 1348. across the continent, resulting in the growth of highly specialized farming (Rossiter, 1979). [10] After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the Satavahanas. Population growth would begin to increase in the 1920s, as a result of falling mortality. 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). The Governor of Bombay at this time was For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. Thus, the increase in new territories claimed in the first 75 years of the 19th century averaged about 83,000 square miles (215,000 square kilometres) a year. This work was completed in 1845, but [85] The Maratha victory forced the British to push settlements within the fort walls of the city. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . In 1960, following protests from the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, the city was incorporated into the newly created Maharashtra state from Bombay state. [93], In 1782, William Hornby assumed the office of Governor of Bombay, and initiated the Hornby Vellard engineering project of uniting the seven islands into a single landmass. of this century, the importance of Bombay as a centre of cotton trade, [82] In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the creek separating Bombay from Worli. [166] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960. [74] On 10 October 1673, the Siddi admiral Sambal entered Bombay and destroyed the Pen and Nagothana rivers, which were very important for the English and the Maratha King Shivaji. The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Slums spread across the city and epidemics of plague added to the already high mortality rates. The pioneering work of Solow (1957) and Abramovitz (1956) both suggested that expansion in labor and capital accounted for no more than 15% of total growth in US output per head between the middle of the 19th century and the 1950s. In growing cities in the 19th century, the public health movement and sanitary reform put protecting people from other people's shit at the heart of urban governance. 2 19th century. Did you know? India reverted to the British Crown. 19th Century Transportation Movement - National Geographic Society According to the treaty, the islands of Mumbai and Bassein were offered to the Portuguese. [citation needed] The Delhi Sultanate captured the islands in 1348, and they were later passed to the Sultanate of Guzerat from 1391. 1803. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. A new development took place with the opening of In 1885 the first session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party; a focus of both pro-Indian and anti-British sentiment until independence) was held in the city, where subsequently, at its 1942 session, the Congress Party passed the Quit India resolution, which demanded complete independence for India. VT, university, BMC, town hall, etc. PDF Unit 1: Topic 3 hallenges of an Urbanising WorldMumbai, India case study Growth of Mumbai The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai 's population over the last four centuries: 1661: 10000 inhabitants [1] 1664: 15000 [1] 1673: 60000 [1] (Fryer) 1675: 60000 1718: 16000 [1] (Cobbe) 1744: 70000 [1] (Niebuhr) (large influx of people during the busy season) Constructions. It specialises in the longer monographic essay based on archival materials and new field work. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. [156] With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the Royal Indian Navy made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and South East Asia. When cotton exports from the USA were interrupted by the Civil War, Bombay [11] The port of Sopara (present-day Nala Sopara) was an important trading centre during the first century BCE,[12] with trade contacts with Rome. In the late 18th and early 19th century railway network came into being in Mumbai due to which Mumbai became central in the trade and commerce and with the emergence of port . In 1849 the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railways was incorporated research - Mid-19th Century to Early-20th Century Mumbai/Bombay 3 20th century. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city. In 1812 an Ordinance was promulgated which, among The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. Bombay was hardly affected. district of the British town. He was the first to realise that the Fort walls were now superfluous, [32] Firishta, a Persian historian, recorded that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from Thane to Mahim. [100] In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. [52] In 1560, they started proselytising the local Koli, Kunbi, Kumbhar population in Mahim, Worli, and Bassein. [191] On 28 July 2003, a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar. By 2020 it had reached an estimated population of 20 million, making it the 9th largest city by population in the world. since all the enemy powers were now subjugated. [189] On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai. Tata pioneered civil aviation in Bombay by flying a plane from Karachi to Bombay. The attacks resulted in 164 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several important buildings. In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. important part of the city's industry. It is 25.4% less than in comparison to the 1965 to 1992, but the total. The "scramble for Africa" started to impact large numbers of Africans in the. The Asiatic Society. slums developed around the mills and the harbour. The conference was followed by huge rallies across the city. [35] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. 1890. [175] Nehru Science Centre, India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. Eventually, families of Mumbai History Facts and Timeline - World Guides [79] After a payment made by the British to Aurangzeb, the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Yakut evacuated Bombay on 8 June 1690. The city's infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. Before the War of Independence, India was (PDF) Urban growth effects for land use changes lead ing to natural [174] The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai metropolitan region. [11], The Silhara dynasty of Konkan ruled the region between 810 and 1260. [45] The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands. [2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State.

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