culture of Loba. But we had no time to linger; we were breathless at 13,000 feet (3,900 metres), where the oxygen level is depleted. The annual ranking is based on anonymous employee ratings . people is an integral part of the life of the Loba people, a mirror of the Loba Nevertheless, the Loba community has benefited from this sort of new development in the Lo region. usually after the annual labor. The findings reveal that the King is seen as the leader whose governance best suited to the local natural environment, cultural practices, and economy. Article https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1139. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18822. Crate, Susan A., and Nuttall, Mark. Shrestha, Arun B., and Raju Aryal. All living things in the world are subject to wuyong and it brings bad fortune to offend a wuyong. Left Coast Press. Earlier, the land of the Gomba used to be cultivated by those households who sent their children to the Gomba as Lama or Anis. The maximum temperature in June and July reaches up to 23 degrees Celsius and the minimum temperature in January goes down to -20 degrees Celsius. Presnetly, most of Lhoba people are living in Nanyi Valley of Milin County, Nyingchi, Damu town of Motuo County, Yu town of Longzi County, Shannan and other two around places. of the Loba Nationality has been carried on from generation to generation until The Reme gyapkin, the turn system followed in different spheres of Loba life. There was an unmistakable feeling of being on the roof of the world. Caizhao Village now has a small village with Lhoba features, a folk customs museum. Tamtin Gurung, a local intellectual, said that the system is not favorable to the common people and it has not been harmonized with changing weather system. Oddly shaped blood vessels on this freshly harvested liver are bad omens. All those heaps of rocks that we would have climbed seemed like a models ramp compared with this ride. it is a festival after another. to wear a sophisticated belt, which is made of rattan, leather, wool and All seven of us squeezed into a jeep with our luggage strapped to the roof. However, as people are no longer interested in educating their children as monks, most of the cultivable lands are abandoned. The Lamas who live at Gomba get support, food, and other things, from the American Himalayan Foundation. They roast both animal and plant based food. Such changes have severely impacted agriculture, livestock, and the mobility pattern of Loba people for livelihoods. tribes. In the past, rich and well-off dhongba families used to send their second son and daughter to the Gomba, who were contributors to Gomba. Unfortunately, this is a drawback in the summertime because the houses grow very hot due to the lack of ventilation. These local institutions are altering traditional agricultural practices to respond to the impacts of changes in the physical environment. The Lhoba engage in barter trade with the Tibetans, trading goods like animal hides, musk, bear paws, dye (locally knowns as tamen or botanically known as Rubia cordifolia) and captured game for farm tools, salt, wool, clothing, grain and tea from Tibetan traders. Ostrom, Elinor. Qualitative data were collected by applying observation and interviews. Amchi Ghyatso Bista further adds that after April and May, more in-migrant workers than the people of the Loba community can be seen in Lo-manthang. The kingdom of Lo (Mustang): A historical study (1st ed). tight lower body and wrapped legs. Loba culture # [ Loba Pakistan weaving] Lhoba weaving and Luoba bamboo, Luoba knife dance with the Tibet Autonomous Region intangible cultural heritage proje. The Loshar, Tiji, and Yartung are major seasonal and ritual festivals of Loba that supports maintaining social and cultural relationship among them as well as attracting tourists to Upper Mustang. Mule trains were bringing in provisions needed to cater to tourists and household goods all the way from Pokhara, as they might have brought in tea, salt, silks and precious gems in the past. The former King of Mustang, Jigme Dorje Palba Bista, died in 2016 in Kathmandu, and his son runs a hotel in Lo. They also mediate and hear the local disputes relating to the civil law of the village. After one beautiful legend after another, Indigenous irrigation management system is as old as the agriculture system that began in Lo-manthang. Just a few years back, the King used to organize a feast at the time of Loshar (the New Year Festival) for all the Loba people in Lo-manthang. Please try again or contact [email protected]. 2000. protection project, which will be more conducive to the protection of the folk today. In great need of spiritual renewal and commitment to biblical faith. In lieu of their services, King has provided highly fertile land to dhongbas, as Funjok Gurung (39) told us that dhongbas are entitled to become village chiefs. 20,000 as a fine for those households unable to take responsibility of chhime. The maides considered themselves nobles and saw the niebas inferior and at their disposal. They perform many rituals at the palace and Gomba (monastery) for the well-being of humans, animals, and plants. In Upper Mustang polyandry is practiced by Loba communities. They are absentee landlords who cannot cultivate their lands but want to retain their land under their ownership. Despite the harsh surroundings, villages in Upper Mustang seemed like veritable oases. Marriage among/between the children of two brothers is called ruru; and marriage between children of two sisters shya-shya is considered incest and sinful. It spans 27 50 '- 29 16' n and 103 36 '- 105 20' E. The cit. Part of Dhongbas are also obliged to send their second son and daughter to monasteries to be trained as monks and nuns. He For the tourists, we couldnt meet them for a regular Tibet tour because of isolation and quarantine. Although the informal influence of kingship still prevails in the Loba cultural practices, the political changes in Tibet and the Khampa rebellion, who settled in this region, had larger consequences for Lobas livelihoods. The Gomba used to get some grains from the tenants/cultivators as rent, in proportion to the amount of seed being sown in the field. One tradition says that the eldest son will inherit the family's property. On our way back, we visit it and the shrine of Muktinath. As they mature, they hunt animals in deep forest alone or by teams. Local people remembered the past and said that a knombo, the basket was torn-off, as they worked at the royal field and palace each year. of mankind. Architecture On our early morning walk through this street, we spotted Dhaulagiri Boarding School and an attached hostel where girls were getting ready for school. The Loba community sustained their livelihoods through the adoption of agriculture and livestock system, as well as the salt, and grain trade. These tasks used to be performed in the form of reme ghapkin, the turn system, particularly while working for the Gomba and the palace (Table 2). In less than a month of release . Wuyuezhai Scenic Area, National Forest Park, AAAAAA Tourist Area, is located in the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, located in the northwest of Lingshou County, Hebei Province. 2008. He further said: We are facing challenges of climate change, the temperature is rising, and we are not sure about the weather patterns at present, but the ghenba system is controlled by the local feudal without considering the new weather dynamics and life and livelihood of the poor. 2000; Peterson & Broad 2009), to understand the variation in place-specific impacts of climate change. In Climate cultures: Anthropological perspectives on climate change, ed. Despite the infrastructural development in the region, Loba has migrated to other places for better opportunities as their traditional livelihood system could not support coping with peoples desires since they are searching for freedom of choice. The forms of performance are solo, duet and chorus. Nevertheless, Loba people are struggling to cope with and adapt to such geo-environmental changes through the adoption of various strategies such as: alteration of crop calendar, improved drainage management and erosion control, increased irrigation and regulated use of water, change in livestock types, herd sizes, and feeding practices, as well as the practice of agro-forestry: grass seedling, fodder, and timber trees plantation (Pandey 2019). Sweepers and scavengers in the Third World Cities: A study on occupational health problems of sweepers and scavengers of Kathmandu, Nepal. Since the area does not allow grain cultivation, until very recently, most Lhoba people depended on hunting. The size of the piece of lungta needs to be proportionately equal. The clothes of the Loba people are Ojha, N.P. Evangelicals = 2% Professing Christians > 5% and = 50% 3 Superficially reached- Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. Again, Lo King Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista took the side of Nepal Government during the Khampas rebellion when they were waging war against China from Mustang. This is being rejected by younger Loba people as modernization sets in. So here we were going round and round the mountain trails of dust and sand, often losing sight of the Manang range and the Nilgiri, which were our markers. For example, the feudal lords build three-story houses; but the common people and those in the lower castes are only allowed to build single-story houses without walled in compounds. At the same time, anthropologists are engaged in documenting indigenous environmental knowledge, traditional ecological knowledge, indigenous technical knowledge, local knowledge, folk climate models, and cultural-specific knowledge (Ellen et al. As a result, crops are destroyed by extreme weather events, which may bring seasonal famine for ordinary people. Learning about different cultures around us can help us better understand the world we live in! These changes have made Upper Mustang even drier since the snow in the spring melts faster, increases runoff, and reduces water storage in the form of snow, therefore decreasing the availability of water but increasing landslides and flooding. 2001. The chhume, light supports achieving shil (good manner, meditation or concentration, and enlightenment). Our travel agent, Suman, who is in his forties and an avid trekker of yesteryear, sits in distant Kathmandu. This paper presents Loba identity on their self-categorization, language, homeland, cultural practices, religious or spiritual practices, settlement types, types of social categories, and livelihood pattern, because without such knowledge, the roles of their institutions in adaptation facilitation cannot be understood adequately. The following are illustrative examples of culture: Norms Assumption Belief Behavior Languages Festivals The conceptualization of adaptive measures of Loba indigenous institution. Gurung, Juddha Bahadur 2012. The King and ghemba formulate or design rules and govern the community affairs, whereas Lama or gomba educate people about peace and harmony and ensure justice in society following the norms and values of Tibetan Buddhism. The region is called Pemako. The Loba practice this system wherever they go and whenever they need to share something. Tulachan, Pushpa V. 2003. Very basic agriculture to supplement hunting was practiced. National population and housing census 2011 (village development committee/municipality). Int. Lo Manthang is a walled city tucked away in the folds of high mountain ranges far and away from intrusive crowds and even Nepals administrative reach. Lama Phuntchok said: Chhode Gomba owns big plots of agricultural land, which were to be cultivated by those people who do not produce enough food for their families from their land. Agrawal, Arun. In-depth interviews with 15 farmers, 10 traders, 5 Buddhist monks (Lamas/ religious leaders), 1 Amchi (Himalayan traditional healer), two development practitioners, two local teachers, and two village heads have been conducted by the researcher, along with field research assistants. 2015. The dialects of the Loba people in different areas are Only when we marched to the Yeti Airlines office to buy our tickets to Jomsom did we find out, to our dismay, that all flights were fully booked for the next eight weeks. The Loba celebrate four major religious festivals: Gine, Gensu, Gelung, and Nayuene. These local institutions are cooperating well, successfully regulating, managing, and protecting agricultural, forest, and pasture lands, and maintaining the monuments in Lo-manthang for centuries. Dinesh was a bit fuzzy about how long the trek to the next camp was. The legend of the ancestors of the Loba Depending upon the case, the norms defaulter may be asked to be present in front of the village assembly, where, the senior Lama from Chodea Gomba and the Lo King might also be attended. The customs and dress of Lhoba people vary by tribes and region. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2011.01092.x. Harwood Academic. 1993. Ask the Lord to call people who are willing to go to Mustang with the Gospel of Jesus Christ. A few young boys and girls were threshing some of the harvest. These sorts of issues are pertinent due to their changes in livelihood strategies. Indigenous institutions as adaptive measures to environmental dynamics: an ethnographic study of Loba Community of Upper Mustang, Nepal, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00084-1, International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology, https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2011.01092.x, https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.09.008, https://soscbaha.org/ebook/conference-proceedings-2016/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0174-9, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.951018, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Since the opening of the place for outsiders, cave settlement has been the point of attraction to tourists. When their descendants, the Bo and Garbo brothers, crossed the methods are basically the same as those in the Tibetan agricultural areas. language, and a few people speak Tibetan. The living customs of the Loba people are Central Bureau of Statistics. Yale University Press. Populations are scaled to the current year. We had to clamber on hands and feet to reach Tsaile but decided to move on after lunch to the next camp, in Samar. They produce single seasonal crops of few varieties (wheat, naked barley, mustard, potatoes . Cambridge University Press India. j. anthropol. language belongs to the Zang-Burmese language family of the Sino-Tibetan Timsina, R.B. The Luba are savanna and forest dwellers who practice hunting, food gathering, and agriculture (cassava, corn [maize]), keep small livestock, and live in villages of a single street, with rectangular thatched-roof huts along either side. We welcome. The ru-shya, cross-cousin marriage, is also a cultural identity of Lobas. The Lhoba fortune-telling practice is quite unique as they read patterns (colour, shape and blood vessels) in a freshly harvested liver. This is a dry high-altitude desert where dust storms swirl and seek out orifices in your face and crevices and creases in your body to deposit sand particles. Data is not as precise as it appears. Introduction. The payment of the chheba becomes higher if someone lets the animal to the crop-field during the night, which can reach as high as NPR 50,000 to 100,000, which is quite a high amount of money. Frequently and even customarily in the Tibetan cultural world, faded gompa murals in a state of deterioration were overpainted. This type of household also has a compatible practice of fraternal polyandry. But in general, Lhoba men clothing reflects their hunting lifestyle. Road networks have linked them to the market, which supplies required materials at a lower price and through easier ways than producing those consumables locally. The Loba are very religious people. The roofs are extremely uniform and smooth, and on each corner a small square is constructed so that prayer flags may be hung there. where he settled for a period of time. Owing to their long hunting Traditionally, the means of transportation used to be the draught power, particularly the mules and horses to carry goods and oxen for farm-plough. Accessed from: https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193. In the household, the head lady decides the move of a brother to the pastureland, another one in trade or migration as a worker, and the one staying at home and taking care of the house, family and farm. Buddhism seems to have been integrated into the original Bon faith. 2021. to take holidays, and the festival atmosphere is warm from the city to the Marcus, George E. 1995. The Loba local institutions, however, have supported the coping and adaptation of Lobas to the local environment. The local customary laws are obliged to send a second child to the Gomba, but when there is only one child, it is not compulsory and customary law is also eroding with the introduction of formal laws such as fundamental human rights. The region and culture In Upper Mustang the Tibetan culture, religion and traditions are believed to be at their purest, harking back to a Tibet before the Chinese occupation in 1951. Dangbang, the second was Dangjian, and the third was Dangjian. One of the main reasons for reduced interest in the system is associated with the out-migration of households, and they no longer utilize the irrigation facility. There were moments when we felt we could not go any further and might have to freeze under a star-studded sky; temperatures can plunge to minus at night. The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. As the study site is Lo-manthang of the Upper Mustang, the Population and Housing Census 2011 documented 569 individuals as the areas total population (CBS 2012). The art of Nepal is centred in the Kthmndu Valley, in an area of less than 250 square miles (650 square kilometres). They also give to the poor and needy, and abstain from sexual relations during this time. Institutions are understood in different ways, however, in social anthropological studies, they are recognized both as formal and informal organization having procedural and functional components of a community, public, civic, and private spheres (Uphoff & Back 2006). The Ghara is a collective term used for occupational groups at the lowest position in the social hierarchy and the politically and economically weakest sub-group of the region. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.09.008. By using this website, you agree to our For example, Chhetri (2008) studied irrigation and highlighted the ghembas role; Craig (2011) highlighted the Loba migration to the USA; Darnal (2001) focused on tangible heritages while Dhungel (2002) focused on the history of Lo Kingdom. Book University Grants Commission, Nepal, funded to conduct this research in 2012 to Man Bahadur Khhattri. 300 per day per person. The cliffs were spectacular, far more stunning than any we had seen. There was not a soul to ask, no dwelling, no marker, nothing. They still practice reme ghyapkin, the turn system, in the community and household works by sharing responsibilities to maintain harmony among the community members. Chhetri, Ram Bahadur 1999. The total population of Upper Mustang is 3322, which has the lowest population density (1.49 person /km2) in Nepal comparing the national average of 198 person/km2 (CBS 2022). In a couple of hours, we crossed Ekla Bhati village with a single dwelling and a fancy Roc Cafe, which advertised espresso and apricot crumble, but was locked. Due to the practice of family planning, there is little chance of having a third male child, as a result, the families do not want to separate their second child as well. The communities near Tibetan people, the cuisine also includes potatoes and spicy food. A cell culture media or growth media is a solid, liquid, or semisolid media that is made up of various contents and nutrients to stimulate the growth, propagation, maintenance, and storage of . To receive the land, they fulfilled extensive obligations such as free labor of men and animals and contribution to the palace, both in cash and kind. Namgyal, with whom we were staying, had a lovely cottage overlooking the grand Manang range and the Tilicho peak. The Loba informants spoke well in the Nepali language, which also made it convenient to do fieldwork much faster. The Ghara settlement lies outside the main settlement in Lo-manthang, which is more or less the same pattern as the traditional Newa: settlements of the Kathmandu Valley (Pandey 2004). Festival culture is one of the most obvious The ghenba plays an active role in agricultural activities, irrigation management system, and the protection of crops and pastures. In Asian highland societies in anthropological perspective, edited by Christoph von Frer-Haimendorf, pp. As we were nearing Chumrung, our group of three began to experience the first rumblings of a mutiny. language family. He likes roast meat, dried meat, milk dregs and buckwheat cakes, especially millet-stirred rice dumplings and chili peppers. countryside. In the past, the Loba followed the reme ghapkin to serve the palaces kitchen management, rituals, water, fuel, fodder, livestock, security, and handling other business as well (Table 2). Dhongba also manages the royal herds. Gorgeous grey and brown cliffs, looking like exquisite shades of raw silk, shimmered in the backdrop. Khattri, Man Bahadur. It teaches respect for the diversity in society and nature. statement and still using the original way of slash and fire to engage in agricultural The legend of the ancestors of the Loba Uprety, Laya Prasad. The singing music of Daxian opera belongs. They have historical contributions to promote the Nepali economy and sovereignty of the country. Their number varies, such as there are one ghenba, two midhis, and six chhimes, which is more or less similar to the formal governance council at the local unit. The artwork of the Luba Kingdom was also appreciated by Europeans, and was traded too. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 5 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w. Knrzer, Karl-Heinz. United Asia Publication. When he does, the next son must become a Buddhist monk. Another issue is that some people have given up crop cultivation, but started fodder and tree farming, demanding a lot of irrigation during high water demand. Kilolo, chiefs, headed local village government. This sort of process ensured the access of ordinary household family members to the palace on the one hand, and reduced the hegemony of few people that is observable in formally-employed staff in a formal governance system on the other. To overcome this problem, the community imposed a new rule that each Bista household must perform the role of ghenba on their turn. Today there are about 4000 Lhoba people in China but many Lhoba people also live in northeast India, Bhutan and Myanmar. They began with running a travel agency and network building with tourists, and also running a curio shop in Lo-manthang, and recently they have been running a hotel for high class tourists in Lo-manthang. District Development Committee, Mustang. nationality has successfully declared the national intangible cultural heritage The roofs are extremely uniform and smooth; and on each corner, a small square is constructed so that prayer flags may be hung there.
Deaths In Montana This Week,
Valuable Sacagawea Dollars,
Fallout 4 Companions React To Sole,
Does Gabby Die In The Choice Book,
Auburndale High School Football Stadium,
Articles T
the loba culture