bat creek stone translation

as in English or modern Hebrew. In Macoy's illustration, this is clearly meant to be a qoph, In fact, however, we have located only 6 references to the Bat Creek stone in contemporary and more recent mainstream professional literature. "the priests the Levites, the sons of ZADOK, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me" Ezekiel 44:15. even if the copyist threw in a few random changes to Unlike the Davenport frauds and the Kennsington runestone, the Bat Creek stone generated little interest, and consequently there is no "paper trail" to follow. Had the Bat Creek stone been regarded as an authentic artifact by contemporary researchers, there should be numerous references to the object. In the newspaper article (our version is taken from the Nashville Tennessean, 19 October 1970, pp. Shaw, Thurstan and Paul Craddock In subsequent publications, Gordon (1971:186, 1972:10-12) referred to this sign as "problematic," and more recently (Gordon 1974) did not mention sign vi in his discussion of the Bat Creek stone. Dated 2004, accessed However, the fifth letter of the second word is clearly different in the two "The Bat Creek Stone: Judeans in Tennessee?". ; For the Judeans, or For Judea, a clear reference to ancient Israel. 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. 1964 The Mine Dark Sea. Serenwen (undated). Willey, Gordon R., and Jeremy A. Sabloff (Same illustration is on p. 169 of 1870 edition and continued in use until the end of the eighteenth century (Craddock 1978; Hamilton 1967:342; Shaw and Craddock 1984). That Thomas identified the metal as copper is hardly surprising, considering that substantial numbers of native copper artifacts had been recovered from mounds throughout the eastern United States. 1-2), Gordon was quoted as saying that: "Various pieces of evidence point in the direction of migrations (to North America) from the Mediterranean in Roman times. Tennessee Archaeologist 27(2):38-45. 927 views, 44 likes, 17 loves, 11 comments, 58 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from ZADOK WATCH Ministry: "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray,. Freemasonry, Washington. The Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, nearby Bat Creek Mound #2 at the time of excavation, so it Gordon, ed., (e.g. The Bat Creek Stone was discovered in 1889, supposedly in a Native American burial mound. Bat Creek empties into the southwest bank of the Little Tennessee 12 miles (19km) upstream from the mouth of the river. Mound 1 had a diameter of 108 feet (33m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4m), and it was located on the first terrace above the river. American Anthropologist 12:337-343. iv: Of all the characters on the Bat Creek stone this sign bears the most striking resemblance to Paleo-Hebrew script ("yod") circa 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 (but not the second century of the Christian era). the C-14 date of 32 A.D. - 769 A.D. Wilson et al. "Report of Archaeopetrography Investigation on the Bat Creek Stone of 1889," July 14, 2010, http://www.ampetrographic.com/files/BatCreekStone.pdf. The metallurgical evidence is, in itself, equivocal with respect to the age of the brass bracelets; their composition could place them within a period spanning nearly two millennia. Please feel free to contact us with any questions or comments you have about our organization. Bat Creek: Excavations in the Smithsonian Archives,", "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Pre-Columbiana, and a PDF of the draft is online at George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. Additionally, there are very few references to the stone in the professional archaeological literature. was obtained on fragments of preserved wood that were recovered during the removal of the burial with which the inscribed stone was allegedly associated (McCulloch 1988). The owner stated that he had cut trees space as in English or modern Hebrew. [4] He went on to claim, "it does not by itself indicate anything more than a minimal contact with the New World by a few Hebrew sailors". "The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . have, in addition to a loop on the right, an arm to the left McGee Carried by Barnes and Noble bookstores. 172-173) that are in all probability brass (cf. An alternative main line would then read RQ , LYHWD[M], i.e. - A.D. 1500: The Historical Testimony of Pre-Columbian Artists. those by Robt. The stone shows respect and praise to the God of Israel . Refugees Escape to Tennessee? Peet 1890, 1892, 1895). a little like the second letter (Q) on Bat Creek, but in in diameter and 5 feet in height," according to the offical Moreover, Cyrus Thomas, director of the Mound Survey, claimed that the marks on the stone represented characters of the Cherokee syllabary and used the Bat Creek stone to support his hypothesis that the Cherokee were responsible for many of the mounds and embankments in eastern North America (Thomas 1890). 1941 Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina. The Bat Creek Stone was recovered during a professional archaeological dig by John W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institutions Bureau of Ethnology in 1889, during its Mound Survey Project. Pp 181, This page was last edited on 15 March 2023, at 01:56. The Bat Creek Stone was professionally excavated in 1889 from an undisturbed burial mound in Eastern Tennessee by the Smithsonian's Mound Survey project. The Bat Creek stone is a relatively flat, thin piece of ferruginous siltstone, approximately 11.4 cm long and 5.1 cm wide. ABSTRACT 2, in the Bat Creek Mound, and on the Blankenship Place.". he was in fact a brother of King Arthur II, and sailed in 562 A.D. In: Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by J.B. Griffin, pp. [7] To clarify the debate, entomologist Cyrus Thomas was "given the job of Director of the Division of Mound Exploration within the federal bureau of the study of Ethnology". Click on link for PDF file. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Gordon, whose scholarly credentials are certainly impressive, is an archetypical example of what Williams (1988a) has referred to as "rogue professors." the above photograph of the Bat Creek stone. be abandoned. In Thomas' defense, however, it is worth noting that some of the signs (ii, iii, and vii in the orientation illustrated by Thomas [1890, 1894], and i, 11, iii, and vii in the purported Paleo-Hebrew orientation) exhibit moderate to close resemblances with characters of the Cherokee syllabary. He reported that the Bat Creek Stone was found under the skull of the south-facing skeleton. Required fields are marked *. scholar Cyrus Gordon (1971a, 1971b, 1972) confirmed that it is Semitic, 46-53 ff. [7] Part of this history remains embedded in the advanced architecture of the Adena and Hopewell people. 1890 The Cherokee in Pre-Columbian Times. with mem, in which case this word would instead read Hebrew writing inscription found in America- The Bat Creek Stone Biblical Truth 144 280 subscribers Subscribe 303 views 10 months ago Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the copyright. is known. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. maintain that 124-133. While it is possible that the recent AMS determination accurately dates the burial, McCulloch s claim that the date "rules out the possibility of a modern origin for either the inscription or the bracelets" (1988:116) is not only erroneous, but also represents a characteristic, non-skeptical, cult archaeology assertion about a topic in which he has no expertise. 1993 and Jan./Feb. separated by a dot or short diagonal stroke [9][7] These acts are a form of cultural genocide by European colonizers which enabled settlers "to make way for the movement of 'new' Americans into the Western 'frontier'". at the approximate site of the mound Washington. Gordon's claim resulted in a national newspaper wire story, as well as articles in Newsweek and Argosy. This conclusion is based on assessments by two Near Eastern language specialists, one of whom (Cyrus Gordon) considers some (but not all) of the signs to be Paleo-Hebrew. Antiquity 58(223):137-138. When viewed with the straighter edge on the bottom, seven characters are in a single row, with the eighth located below the main inscription. In McCulloch (1988) I note that In: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1890-'91, pp. Whiteford, Andrew H. 1988). Moreover, detailed compositional analyses of metal artifacts are not routine even in recent studies. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1995, for permission to use McCulloch 1988), virtually identical brasses were produced in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Day 1973; Shaw and Craddock 1984). The match to Cherokee is no As noted above, the Bat Creek stone has recently been cast into greater prominence as a result of an AMS radiocarbon determination. sign iii), so to read lyhwdh or 1 yhwdym ("for Judea" or "for the Jews"), as advocated by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974), is impossible (note that Hebrew is read from right to left). Ventnor Publishers, Ventnor, N.J., 1972. If reversed, the sign would represent a passable Cherokee "gun.". In Paleo-Hebrew, words are required to be for $6.00 from the 1987 Cult Archaeology and Creationism: Understanding PseudoscientificBeliefs about the Past. As to the specific signs on the Bat Creek stone, several are passable Cherokee, and the inspiration for the remainder could have been any number of published sources, including illustrations of the Grave Creek stone and the Davenport tablets. Likewise, the presence of this string on [1] This interpretation began in the 1970s when the stone was examined by professor Dr. Cyrus Gordon, scholar of "Biblical and Near Eastern studies" and known "proponent of Precolumbian contacts between the old and new worlds". It cannot be yod (cf. www.madoc1170.com/home.htm. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. A modern example of such a name is that of Benjamin Netanyahu, cases. instead. BAT CREEK STONE Another of We believe that the "best recent work" alluded to by Thomas is his own final report on mound explorations (1894), and that the "articles whose history is fully known" is a reference to the alleged discovery of the Bat Creek stone. 1993, pp. Litigation and environmental concerns stalled the dam's completion until 1979, allowing extensive excavations at multiple sites throughout the valley. University of Pennsylvania Press. Biblical the top, the roots of which ran [1][2] This is evident by the lack of the markings in the first photograph of the stone, published in the 18901891 annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, and their appearance in photos after 1970. 1958 The Kensington Stone; A Mystery Solved. Rebuilding it would require only about 38 cubic yards of See also comment although a few of the letters could be taken for The Bat Creek Stone Courtesy of Tennessee Anthropological Association Once the engraved stone was in Emmert's hands, local Republicans tried to get Emmert to sendthe stone to Knoxville to have it "translated." The actual chart which Blackman used to copy theletters had been published in a book in l882. If Shepherd's Chapel has blessed you, help them bless. The sign is impossible for Paleo-Hebrew. The Bat Creek stone figured prominently in Gordon's (1971, 1974) major cult archaeology books, and subsequently received attention in a number of other fringe publications (e.g., Fell 1980; Mahan 1983; von Wuthenau . American Antiquity 51(2):365-369. coinscript letters to transcribe Dalton claims that the Sacred Stone is a revealed translation of the Rosetta Stone, even though the actual Egyptian translation of the stone into English is well known. longer word, and identifed the second letter of the shorter The shorter first words of the Bat Creek and Masonic McCulloch (1988) also suggests that if Emmert "was not above fabricating evidence" (i.e., was responsible for forging the Bat Creek stone), it would cast doubt on his other reported discoveries, which figure prominently in the 12th Annual Report (Thomas 1894). 30. Masonic word ends with a second he, which makes it "for Yahweh" Mound 2 was a burial mound approximately 3 m tall and 13 m in diameter. Nashville Tennessean, October 19, 1970, pp. the inscription were Carbon-14 dated to somewhere between These eight characters are, on average, 23mm in depth. Archaeology 41(5):62-70. of Hebrew University archaeologist Eilat Mazar. 3, Such findings may finally provide precedent to re-examine the Newark Holy Stones which also bear ancient Hebrew inscriptions and were recovered from a Hopewell burial mound near Newark Ohio. While we cannot be certain that he personally inscribed the signs on the Bat Creek stone, we are convinced that John W. Emmert was responsible for the forgery. [1] This specific volume was "extensively reprinted during the latter half of the nineteenth century", and would have been available to the forger. Take for example the supposed elephant mound of Wisconsin which has played an important role in most of the works relating to the mound-builders of the Mississippi valley, but is now generally conceded to be the effigy of a bear, the snout, the elephantine feature, resulting from drifting sand. Perhaps more important, we hope that our efforts here will influence some of our colleagues to take an active role in countering claims made by cult archaeologists and particularly in providing the general public with accessible information about the remarkable discoveries made by mainstream archaeology (see Williams 1987, 1988a, 1988b). American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. typical of brasses formed by the cementation process, which was discovered during the last centuries B.C. However, the most telling difference between the Bat "The Bat Creek Fraud: A Final Statement". However, Thomas (1890, 1894) never offered a translation of the inscription. McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. and Mary L. Kwas, TA 1991(1), pp. [16] It has subsequently been loaned to the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, N.C., where it has been on display since 2015. [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. The Brass Bracelets in this alphabet, or what Welsh words they find there. [1][3] Archaeologist Bradley T. Lepper concludes, "the historical detective work of Mainfort and Kwas has exposed one famous hoax". 30. Yet, even as the Davenport finds "proved too much" with respect to pre-Columbian Old World contacts, so too did the Bat Creek stone "prove too much" regarding Thomas's own pet hypothesis that the immediate ancestors of the Cherokee constructed most of the burial mounds in eastern North America. there are no signs of the two vertical strokes that now are present in the upper left corner. As a final point, by limiting the "deciphered" text to Gordon's lyhwd, ignoring the following broken sign, the reading would be anomalous. [1] The two bracelets found in the Mound were initially identified by both Emmert and Thomas as "copper", but a 1970 Smithsonian analysis concluded the bracelets were in fact heavily leaded yellow brass. An inscribed stone reportedly excavated by the Smithsonian Institution from a burial mound in eastern Tennessee has been heralded by cult archaeologists as incontrovertible evidence of pre-Columbian Old World contracts. It is unfortunate that many of the important articles found in the best museums of our country are without a history that will justify their acceptance, without doubt, as genuine antiquities. Archaeology Review July/August 1993, pp. The mound had some large sassafras trees standing on it when 1973 Bristol Brass: A History of the Industry. The Tellico Plains Mountain Press, undated. Moreover, since we have demonstrated that the Bat Creek inscription does not represent legitimate Paleo-Hebrew, the radiocarbon date becomes virtually irrelevant to arguments regarding the stone's authenticity. Hebrew scholar and archaeologist 1903 The Indians of North America in Historic Times (published as Volume 2 of The History of North America). Houghton Mifflin, Boston. McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription -- Cherokee or Hebrew?," that the first letter is a (reversed) resh. uses a word divider. The sign is quite similar to the Cherokee "ga" regardless of the orientation of the stone. The [1] In the report, Cyrus Thomas "claimed that the marks on the Bat Creek stone represented characters of the Cherokee syllabary and used the inscription to support his hypothesis that the Cherokee constructed many of the earthen mounds and enclosures in eastern North America". of the Norse settlement at L'anse Meadows (Ingstad 1964), no convincing evidence for such occurrences has ever been found or recognized by professional researchers. We present below an assessment of the individual signs on the stone. The latter is the Aramaic designation and appears only in Aramaic scripts. The same is true of the circular burial areas paved with rock and enclosed within stone slab walls which he found in McGhee Mound, in the Call away Mound No. Moorehead, Warren K. Swanton, John R. Any errors of interpretation or omission are the sole responsibility of the authors. the word that follows. First, in a short contribution to the Handbook of North American Indians entitled "Inscribed Tablets," Fowke (1907:691) stated that: "While it would be perhaps too much to say that there exists north of Mexico no tablet or other ancient article that contains other than a pictorial or pictographic record, it is safe to assert that no authentic specimen has yet been brought to public notice." and subsequent American archaeologists failed to see That Gordon's penchant for pre-Columbian contacts lies outside mainstream scholarly research is evident in the following: "No politically astute member of the establishment who prizes his professional reputation is likely to risk his good name for the sake of a truth that his peers (and therefore the public) may not be prepared to accept for fifty or a hundred years" (Gordon 1974:20). Both Professors Cross and Williams read and commented on an earlier version of this paper. makes most sense as an inverted (rho-wise) resh, as This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. Mainfort and Kwas does show that It was most likely copied from the General History, Cyclopedia, and Dictionary of Freemasonry. The Bat Creek stone is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889. Robert Mainfort and Mary Kwas concluded the inscription is not genuine paleo-Hebrew but rather a 19th-century forgery, and other respected archaeologists such as Kenneth Feder have supported the claim that the tablet is a fraud. LYHW- on both the Yehucal bulla and the Masonic illustration ancient times, were clearly engraved in Coelbren letters, This of course begs the question of why Thomas did not admit to the failings of his magnum opus in a more direct manner. Mainfort, Robert C., and Mary L. Kwas, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Gordon, pp. Mooney, James Webb, W.S. [1] This interpretation was accepted at the time but was contested about a century later by Cyrus H. Gordon, a scholar of Near Eastern Cultures and ancient languages, who reexamined the tablet in the 1970s and proposed that the inscription represented Paleo-Hebrew of the 1st or 2nd century. Newsweek 76(17):65. been copied from Macoy. and 9 burials, was "of small size, measuring but 28 feet McCulloch, J. Huston (1993b). What was the translation? 1910 The Stone Age in North America (2 vols.). The stone has some crude carvings that some interpret as "paleo-Hebrew" but have previously been considered an early form of Cherokee or completely fake. word divider read, from right to left, LYHWD, or "for Judea." While much of the original confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee was submerged by the lake, the mound in which the Bat Creek Stone was found was located above the reservoir's operating levels. which was consequently identified by Stieglitz as a qoph. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. At the base of the mound "nine skeletons were found lying on the original surface of the ground, surrounded by dark colored earth." History of the Human Sciences, Vol. diagonal word divider used on the Bat Creek inscription Accessed "The Cherokee Solution to the Bat Creek Enigma". 2, p. 127. Furthermore, if the 1910 Cyrus Thomas Obituary. The Bat Creek word ends with a daleth, which The radiocarbon date and the publication of McCulloch's article in a local professional journal have significantly enhanced the Bat Creek stone's status as the "cornerstone" of the pre-Columbian contacts movement. [1] According to Emmert, the site consisted of one large mound (Mound1) on the east bank of the creek and two smaller mounds (Mound2 and Mound3) on the west bank. Together, these stones may work in concert to verify the presence of ancient Hebrew civilizations in the heartland of America. The director of the project, Cyrus Thomas, initially declared that the curious inscription on the stone were "beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet." (Thomas 1894: 391:4) Archaeology and Creationism, edited by Francis B. Harrold and Baymond A. Eve, University of Iowa Press, pp. "MEGALITHS" With Dr Barry Fell & Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel "They Came A Viking" - E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel, "North American Sun Kings" - Dr. Mahan & Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, "CHRISTMAS" Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel. "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! 54-55 ff., http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/AmerAntiq.pdf. Up Bat Creek (Without a Paddle): Mormon Assessment of the Bat Creek Stone. It is inscribed in Paleo Hebrew. This range is consistent with [1][3] Furthermore, the conclusions drawn by Mainfort and Kwas have been accepted by other archaeologists and members of academic communities. Kimberley (2000)). In context, Gordon is saying here that mainsteam researchers who disagree with his contention that all "advanced" cultures are directly traceable to the Near East do so out of fear and peer pressure, rather than the fact that much of the evidence that he presents is of a very dubious nature (see also Chadwick 1969 and Lambert 1984). "The Translation" (Bat Creek Stone), Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, Special Documentary Series. In this respect, they appear to be similar to the heavier brass bracelets found with the "Tunica Treasure" (Brain 1979:193-194). (1747-1826), known also as Iolo Morgannwg. Investigators concluded that the mound was a "platform" mound typical of the Mississippian period. 391-4. 1914 The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914. While it is true that Roman period brasses had a similar metallurgical content (cf. is less common than the dot, but appears both and Kwas article, enumerating these prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. MinnesotaHistorical Society, St. Paul. ShLMYHW or Shelemiyahu. American Antiquity 53(3)-.578-582. scroll. 14-16, and numerous There has been a systematic denigrating on the part of the 'intellectuals' in the Smithsonian Museum of evidence of pre-Columbian migration from the Old World to the western hemisphere. After examining the stones inscribed grooves and outer weathering rind using standard and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and researching the historical documentation, the team of Scott Wolter and Richard Stehly of American Petrographic Services conclude that the inscription is consistent with many hundreds of years of weathering in a wet earth mound comprised of soil and hard red clayand that the stonecan be no younger than when the bodies of the deceased were buried inside the mound. This was an undisputed Hopewell burial mound, and therefore the Hebrew inscribed artifact falls within the time frames of the Book of Mormon in the heartland of America. To read lyhwdm is also impossible on two grounds. Despite their academic trappings, rogue professors "have lost the absolutely essential ability to make qualitative assessments of the data they are studying," while often ignoring scientific standards of testing and veracity. Thomas, Cyrus Schroedl, Gerald F. Academic Press, Inc., New York. In 1988, the stone was the subject of a Tennessee Anthropologist article by J. Huston McCulloch, professor of Economics at Ohio State University, amateur paleographer, and practioner of cult archaeology. Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation. 1991 Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory. [7] The forced removal of Native peoples from their land and the severing of Native people from their heritage was partially enacted by "destroying indigenous pyramid mounds" and "The creation of the Myth of the Mounds". [4] But these claims by Gordon and McCulloh have been silenced by archeologists who "have rejected the Bat Creek stone as a fake". The Bat Creek stone. However, until Second, the brass bracelets reportedly found in association with the inscribed stone are in all probability relatively modern European trade items; the composition of the brass is equivocal with respect to the age of the bracelets. Fowke, Gerard word as a qoph. grape vines, planted on the rebuilt mound, have published a book Fel1, Barry the tell-tale string -YHW again, in the name of Yehucal's father, America in 1170 A.D. (see, e.g. 1987 Fantastic Archaeology: What Should We Do About It? The earthwork was reportedly constructed over a limestone slab "vault" containing 16 individuals; a necklace of "many small in which case it might be a numeral indicating Year 1 or (sic) in the Mertz/Gordon orientation, 145. These inscriptions generally fail to stand up under close scrutiny by paleographers (i.e., they contain numerous errors, represent a jumble of several Old World scripts, or consist of random marks on stone that have the appearance of letters), while the circumstances surrounding their "discovery" are invariably dubious. It does not, also happens to be the second letter of the first word in the Masonic [2], North America has a vast and significant history, a "rich history" that belongs to "sophisticated Native American civilizations" and pre-dates the introduction of European settler colonialism. Atlantic,, Chicago, 1964. Our mission is to defend, protect, and preserve free speech online for all people. Wolter, Scott, and Richard D. Stehly. 1975 Archaeological Investigations at the Harrison Branch and Bat Creek Sites. Note that we do not contend that these signs are Cherokee - only that there are some formal similarities (McKussick [1979] incorrectly asserts that the signs actually are a form of Cherokee). In June 2010 the stone underwent Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination by American Petrographic Services at the McClung Museum on the campus of the University of Tennessee. the inscription matches Hebrew much better than Cherokee. Quotes and ideas attributed to Arnold Murray are the intellectual property of Arnold Murray, of course.Earth Vs. the Flying Saucers (1956) was produced by Clover Productions. Jefferson Chapman, Director of the McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, generously provided copies of unpublished reports and correspondence by and pertaining to John Emmert. The Bat Creek word also has the remnant of a sixth letter, Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. of the name YHWH or Yahweh of the Hebrew God, is a common vii: Our comments pertaining to sign vi apply in toto here as well. Fowke did not make this statement out of ignorance of the Bat Creek stone's existence, because not only had he extensively studied the lithic material recovered by the mound survey (Fowke 1896), but also mentioned the stone in one of his own publications (1902). The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but aformentioned Dr. Gordon correctly identified them as Hebrew. The stone was located beneath the skeletal head of one of the nine skeletons in the undisturbed mound. Context of the Find 137.Washington. Unfortunately, Emmert had a drinking problem which "renders his work uncertain" (Thomas to Powell, 20 September 1888), and led to his dismissal. The Bat Creek stone is a small stone tablet engraved with several apparently alphabetic characters, found during excavations of a small mound in 1889 near Knoxville, Tenn. is the modern invention of Edward Williams plowed flat, and only its approximate location This earthwork "was composed throughout, except about the skeletons at the bottom, of hard red clay, without any indications of stratification."

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