U.S. forces had already reached the settlement and Reimer briefed them about the conditions of the camp and the desperate plight of the remaining prisoners. The names and biographical information of the victims were published in the book Die Namen der Nummern (The Names of the Numbers). WebNatzweiler-Struthof was a Nazi concentration camp located in the Vosges Mountains close to the villages of Natzweiler and Struthof in the Gau Baden-Alsace of Germany, on territory annexed from France on a de facto basis in 1940. The camp was about 300 meters by 600 meters (about 1,000 feet by 2,000 feet) in size. case, in which the 42 accused were tried between Nov and Dec 1945. Heinrich Rieker (* 29. WebMeanwhile, Linden encountered, close to the main entrance, the 23-year old SS officer, Heinrich Wicker, entrusted with Dachaus surrender after Weiss abandoned the camp. Death Train." Wicker claimed to have no knowledge of the train, according to Brig Gen. Linden's account of the surrender. . Heinrich, Wicker, Padilla Introduce Bipa | Senator Martin Heinrich In the aftermath of Kristallnacht in Nov 1938, the camp population swelled by 10,000. Due to wounds received in battle, he had been assigned to concentration camps. WebHeinrich Rieker (* 29.Dezember 1925 in Berlin) ist ein deutscher Journalist und Schriftsteller.. Leben. One World Live But not all of the SS soldiers had surrendered. I was platoon leader, 3rd platoon, Company F, 2nd Battalion, and our battalion commander, (Lt. Col.) Downard, was leading the way. Holocaust did not happen - Page 3 Over 10,000 prisoners of the Dachau Concentration Camp in southern Germany began to be sent out of the camp. Tell us who were there that it never happened by Felix Sparks, Retired General, Lt. William Cowling: Report from the Dachau Liberation. If he is still alive, he could still be put on trial by the Germans; he would be convicted because all the SS men were tried under the common plan concept which meant that anyone who had any association with a concentration camp was automatically guilt, regardless of what they had personally done in the camp. But their deaths could not avenge the thousands of dead and dying in Dachau, Hawkins said. I often wonder what they would think if they could awaken to see what I see around me. The more people who finally get it through their heads that everything terrible told about these people is true, the better, Corbett wrote at the time. Von links vorne: SS-Helfer, Lagerkommandant Untersturmfhrer Heinrich Wicker (berwiegend verdeckt), der belgische Journalist Paul Levy links neben Victor Mauerer (mit dem Rcken zur Kamera). As the 42nd Division Soldiers arrived at Dachau, infantrymen from the 45th Division arrived at Dachau at the same time, but from a different direction. [14] Henri Gayot, a member of the French Resistance who was interned at Struthof between April and September 1944, documented his ordeal in drawings which are now in the Struthof Concentration Camp Museum. Heinrich Wicker Polish Resistance fighters celebrate their liberation at Dachau, Two Polish prisoners prepare to beat a guard to death with a shovel. WebHistorical Person Search Search Search Results Results Josef Heinrich Wicker (1751 - Unknown) Try FREE for 14 days Try FREE for 14 days How do we create a persons profile? [43] For many of the perpetrators of the horrors of Dachau, death caught up with them soon enough. A German jingle went: "Lieber Herr Gott, mach mich stumm, Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm," Janowitz wrote. Update, Sept. 6, 2010: Another blogger linked to this blog post and you can read what he wrote here: What really happened to the staff and guards at the Dachau Concentration Camp after it was liberated in 1945. Refusal to bake a gay wedding cake compared to theHolocaust, When you are really angry, there is nothing like swearing inGerman. Wicker Statement on Death of ISIS-K Militant Work, hunger, darkness and the lack of health care caused many epidemics; mortality rates could reach 80%. Search our archives for information on a specific history subject. Comment by Dame Belette May 18, 2013 @ 3:08 pm. Unlike at Ohrdruf, the American GIs were going to make sure some of the surviving Nazi SS camp guards paid a price for what they did there. SS-Untersturmfhrer Johannes Otto was named the commandant of Dachau Concentration Camp in southern Germany, replacing Eduard Weiter. At least 1,071 of those sent out on foot would not survive the evacuation. Wickers orders were unclear, he knew that Himmler did not want the camp surrendered, but he lacked the manpower to kill all the prisoners. Genealogy for Elizabeth Wicker (Cromer) (1765 - 1824) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. "I am Assistant Division Commander of the 42nd Infantry Division, Linden said, and will accept the surrender of the camp in the name of the Rainbow Division for the United States Army.. [11] The two men were sent to Dachau, where they were liberated. A total of 206,206 people entered Dachau during its 12-year period of operation. The World War II Database is founded and managed by The reconstructed camp museum was officially opened on 29 June 1980. The liberation of Dachau | Newsletter Archive | History Tours History Channel For the final days of the war, every division Soldier now had a full grasp of what they were fighting for, said Carl Segrave, then a 19-year-old Soldier in the 222nd Infantry Regiment. [18], In his memoirs titled Moi, Pierre Seel, dport homosexuel, Pierre Seel, who served a sentence at the neighboring camp of Schirmeck, tells that he took part in the construction of the Struthof concentration camp, in the context of his forced labor tasks. After the expansion that took place between early 1937 and Aug 1938, which increased the capacity from 5,000 prisoners to 6,000 prisoners, the camp consisted of 32 prisoner barracks (one of which reserved for the clergy and another reserved for human experiments), a parade ground/execution ground, and a kitchen. Heinrich Wicker was an SS-Totenkopf Standarte 1 officer who served at Natzweiler-Struthof, Cochem, Mannheim-Sandhofen and Dachau. Lieutenant Colonel Donald Downard commanding the 2nd Battalion, 222nd Infantry reported a skirmish at a roadblock near the camp and captured several Germans. Soon there will be none of us left to give eyewitness accounts of what they saw. It also housed American occupation troops, under the name Eastman Barracks, until 1960. The problem for the Americans was at units from two of its infantry divisions were converging on Dachau. [4] Many prisoners were moved to other camps; in particular, in 1944 the former head of Auschwitz concentration camp was brought in to evacuate the prisoners of Natzweiler-Struthof to Dachau as the Allied Armies neared. Gen. Henning Linden. How I succeeded in identifying the 86 victims of a NAZI crime. Meanwhile, the Americans were fast approaching nearby Munich, the cradle of Nazism. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each persons profile. The photo above shows the bodies of SS men who were killed during the surrender of the Dachau camp. Sparks commanded a small task force consisting of his own battalion from the 157th Infantry and the 191st Tank Battalion. Er war zudem als Reporter im Ausland sowie als Mitarbeiter bei verschiedenen Zeitschriften, Illustrierten und Hrfunksendern ttig. [26] Josef Kramer, acting commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof (who was a Lagerfhrer at Auschwitz and the last commandant of Bergen Belsen) personally carried out the gassing of 80 of the 86 victims at Natzweiler-Struthof. Accessed 28 Feb. 2022. The Assistant Divisional Commander Brigadier General Henning Linden quickly put together a small task force in five jeeps. Nach der Rckkehr holte er 1948 sein Abitur nach. Leo Alexander, the medical advisor at the Nuremberg trials, stated that some children were murdered at Natzweiler-Struthof for the sole purpose of testing poisons for inconspicuous executions of Nazi officials and prisoners. High altitude experiments subjected victims to rapid decompression from pressures found at 4,300 meters (14,100 feet) under the sea, causing the victims to experience spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and death. Beger was found guilty, although he was credited for pre-trial imprisonment and served no time. Februar 2022 um 20:25 Uhr bearbeitet. From this point on, the population of the camp regularly exceeded 12,000. We hope that visitor conversations at WW2DB will be constructive and thought-provoking. Senators Martin Heinrich (D-N.M.), Roger Wicker (R-Miss. At least 25, and perhaps 50, were beaten to death by inmates who struck with all the fury of men who suddenly release years of pent-up hate. heinrich wicker death And so Wicker awaited orders that did not come. 1962 wechselte er schlielich in das Wirtschaftsressort des Rheinischen Merkur, das er zwischen 1981 und 1990 leitete. Days before liberation, 2,000 surviving inmates from the Flossenbrg concentration camp arrived at Dachau after a forced march. On Lindens order Wicker was taken to see the evidence, shortly after the last Commandant of Dachau was killed in mysterious circumstances. During the six-day march, thousands were executed or died of exhaustion, hunger, and exposure. Once inside, the U.S. troops were horrified and enraged by the scene. And then you cannot believe it, but you can't help yourself going and looking a little further, because it's so hard to believe. Gen. Henning Linden of the 42nd Infantry Division of the US Seventh Army by SS 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker, accompanied by Red Cross representative Victor Maurer, holding a white flag. Scott Corbett, a division public affairs sergeant, wrote to his wife May 1, 1945. The Commandant SS-Obersturmbannfhrer Eduard Weiter had written to Heinrich Himmler requesting permission to turn the camp over to the Americans. As Allied forces approached concentration camps, the Germans tried to eliminate remaining prisoners. 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker | Scrapbookpages Blog These units include 4th Infantry Division, 36th Infantry Division, 42nd Infantry Division, 45th Infantry Division, 63rd Infantry Division, 99th Infantry Division, 103rd Infantry Division, 10th Armored Division, 12th Armored Division, 14th Armored Division, 20th Armored Division, and 101st Airborne Division. At 9:22 on the morning of the 29th of April, Sparks received a message from the 157th Infantrys S-3 intelligence officer, sent to all companies that upon the capture of Dachau they would oppose guards around the camp and touch nothing and also ensure that no one left the compound. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. When Lt. Otto declined to remain in the camp, SS-Untersturmfhrer Wicker was then recruited by Maurer to accompany him to the main gate of the Dachau complex to formally surrender the Dachau concentration camp. History & Overview of Dachau As the 42nd Division marks the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Dachau, 650 New York Army National Guard Soldiers of the Rainbow Division are deployed to the U.S. Central Command theater of operations as the lead element of Task Force Spartan. The female prisoner-population in the camp was small, and only seven SS women served in Natzweiler-Struthof camp (compared to more than 600 SS men) and 15 in the Natzweiler complex of subcamps. The stench of rotting cadavers. Wether you agree or not,these ss men were no cowards. As Allied troops advanced, Heinrich Himmler ordered all prisoners at Dachau Concentration Camp in southern Germany be exterminated. For the majority of World War II in Europe, he was the chief of the Gestapo, the secret state police of Nazi Germany. Two British Royal Air Force airmen (Flying Officer Dennis H. Cochran, and Flight Lieutenant Anthony "Tony" R. H. Hayter) who were involved in "The Great Escape" and murdered by the Gestapo after re-capture,[17] were cremated at Natzweiler-Struthof. LATHAM, N.Y. April 29, 1945, was a cold, sunny Sunday afternoon as Soldiers of the U.S. Armys 42nd Infantry Division came face to face with the worst of Nazi Germany Wickers mother had arrived at the Dachau SS garrison, next door to the concentration camp, on April 12, 1945 to visit her son. Szmajzner asked. The Colonel Sparks and men from the 157th Infantry Regiment arrived. For the surviving Jews in the concentration camp, meeting Jewish American Soldiers was an unbelievable event, Chaplain Bohnen recalled. Noor Inayat Khan was transferred to Dachau Concentration Camp, Germany. As we approached, there was a very distinctive smell, Marowitz recalled. The camp was located in a heavily-forested and isolated area at an elevation of 800 metres (2,600ft). From Dachau Concentration Camp in Germany, Sigmund Rascher reported his findings from experiments involving putting concentration camp prisoners in full flight suits and placing them in freezing conditions, concluding that the warming of the subjects' heads and necks were vital for the subjects' survival. Lang, Hans-Joachim, The names of the numbers. He split the task force into two prongs advancing on parallel roads towards Dachau. Anschlieend nahm er in Berlin und Erlangen ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaften und Philosophie auf. Es folgte eine Anstellung bei der Deutschen Zeitung. [2], On 23 November 1944, this camp with its small staff was discovered and liberated by the French First Army as part of the U.S. Sixth Army Group,[2] on the same day that the city of Strasbourg was liberated by the Allies. On 2 July 1940, two weeks after the fall of the nearby city of Strasbourg, an internment camp was set up near Schirmeck which existed throughout the war but was never part of the concentration camp system. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [45][41], During the night of 1213 May 1976, neo-Nazis burned the camp museum, with the loss of important artifacts. SS-Brigadefhrer Berthold Maack was named the commandant of Dachau Concentration Camp in southern Germany, replacing Alexander Reiner. I dont know where Johannes Otto went when he left the Dachau camp. C. Peter Chen of Lava Development, LLC. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It was a labor camp and a transit camp, as many prisoners were sent to other Nazi concentration camps before the final evacuation. It had left Buchenwald on April 7 filled with 5,000 prisoners, but 2,310 of them had died on the trains circuitous route through Saxony to Czechoslovakia and to Dachau. Wickers fiance and her two-year-old son by Wicker had also come to visit him and were staying in the town of Dachau. [48], Another documentary was made about the skull project in 2013, titled Au nom de la race et de la science, Strasbourg 19411944 (English: In the name of Race and Science, Strasbourg 19411945). They were all severely thin, and many appeared to have died of starvation or thirst inside the locked carriages, callously left to die by the fleeing SS while others showed evidence of execution by gunfire. LATHAM, N.Y. April 29, 1945, was a cold, sunny Sunday afternoon as Soldiers of the U.S. Armys 42nd Infantry Division came face to face with the worst of Nazi Germany at the notorious Dachau concentration camp. Sparks in an outrageous display of gross insubordination, perhaps fueled by the grim and emotional sights in the camp, drew his Colt 45 pistol and leveled it at General Linden saying: If you dont get the f out of here, Im going to blow your brains out! another version of this story has Sparks yell: If you ever touch one of my men again Ill kill you! either way the two men almost came to blows before Lieutenant Colonel Walter Fellenz on Linden staff jumped between them. It first held 5,000 political prisoners. The camp was specially set up for Nacht und Nebel prisoners, in most cases, people of the resistance movements. Id be very interested, since youve not listed any references here, in seeing them. I don't know how they didn't all go mad. Pictured from left to right: SS aide, camp leader Untersturmfhrer Heinrich Wicker But we didnt know anything.. [6], The construction of Natzweiler-Struthof was overseen by Hans Httig in the spring of 1941, in a heavily-forested and isolated area at an elevation of 800 metres (2,600ft). Nordhausen Liberation with original photos. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding of camps began to take its toll on the prisoners. He arrived in KZ Dachau CNET Armed Services Leader: Abdication of Leadership To Rely on Taliban to Kill Other Terrorists. 1016 Jewish prisoners were being burned alive there in a barn on the edge of town by the SS troops who held the town. Sparks noted that the good citizens of the nearby city of Dachau were forced to assist with burying the remains of the murdered prisoners. For many of the survivors inside the camp, meeting their liberators was an opportunity for reaffirmation of faith. Though understandable, the American reprisals constituted a war crime, a potentially deeply embarrassing situation for the Allies. Another annex camp at Schrzingen was established in February 1944 for extracting crude oil from oil shale. Only a small staff of Nazi SS personnel remained until the camp was liberated by the French First Army under the command of the U.S. Sixth Army Group on 23 November 1944.[5]. At some point between April 15th and April 29th, Wicker was placed in charge of training Kampfgrppe Sd (Combat Group South), a 250-man scratch unit formed from the guards who had formerly served at Neckarelz, Kochendorf and Hessental, all of which were sub-camps of Natzweiler. ), and Alex Padilla (D-Calf.) SS-Untersturmfhrer Heinrich Wickert - Axis History Forum Perhaps, he managed to escape and was never caught. His blog ends with a paragraph about the French Resistance. But I guess time has a way of altering history. It was a labor camp, a transit camp and, as the war went on, a place of execution. Examine the role of Heinrich Himmler's SS in Hitler's reign of terror, including the mass extermination of Jews Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time. There was serious talk for a time of bringing some officers before courts-martial. For inquiries about military records for members of the World War II armed forces, please see our FAQ. Prior to the evacuation of the camp, 141 prisoners were shot dead on 31 August 1 September 1944. The European Centre of Deported Resistance Members is located at this museum, focusing on those held. Martin Gottfried Weiss was made the commandant of Dachau Concentration Camp in Germany. Dachau Concentration Camp in southern Germany was evacuated. 95AD, remember.org. In the last months of World War II, the Germans had been preparing for the surrender of all the camps. Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler had negotiated the surrender of the Bergen-Belsen camp to the British. The sub-camps of Buchenwald had been evacuated and the prisoners marched to the main camp. Buchenwald prisoners who were considered to be dangerous were sent to Dachau to delay their release as long as possible; these were the dead prisoners on the infamous death train which caused the American soldiers to go berserk and kill the Waffen-SS soldiers who had been sent to help with the surrender of Dachau. They also found the 2,310 corpses at the camp railhead. Sgt. They counted 39 wooden wagons, sprawled on the track and around the fields bordering the line were many bodies, most showing signs of gunshot wounds. Peter Koppenhfer, ehemaliger Lehrer und langjhriger Mitarbeiter der KZ And the smell was not a farm; it was Dachau that we had smelled miles before we got there.Finding SS Lieutenant Wicker, Linden accepted the camp surrender at the main gate. I saw Buchenwald first hand shortly after it was liberated. About 52,000 prisoners were estimated to be held there during its time of operation. In 1944, with the approach of the Allies, there was concern over the possibility that the corpses could be discovered. definitely. Some died from the exertions of their labor and malnutrition there were an estimated 22,000 deaths at the camp, including its network of subcamps. "Struthof" redirects here. Heinrich Wicker A group of towns people selected by the local Antifascist Committee was forced to load and transport 2,400 of the corpses found in the camp at liberation to mass graves, Hm, very interesting. Dachau Scrapbook - Dachau Liberation Second, it is to showcase The storage rooms filled with stacks of recently gassed innocents. Adjust Text Size: A+ A General George S. Patton, as military governor of Bavaria, received the report and the charges of Sparks being complicit in the reprisal but tore up the charges. The SS were also busily burning files and documents at the camp in the hope of covering their tracks. WebTi Ph Printing l n v hng u v dch v cung cp my in vn phng, mc my in. Photos of the corpses as found by the Allies who saw them in the Reichs University make the totality of the strange project quite real. Between April 5th and April 15, 1945, Wicker had supervised the evacuation of around 1,700 prisoners from Hessental, another sub-camp of Natzweiler, to Mnchen-Allach, a sub-camp of Dachau. Some SS troops attempted to get away, but were chased down by the former prisoners and severely beaten or killed. The rumor about Americans killing all the SS guard was later spread, but Sparks disagrees with the rumor. WebAt a gate on the south side, SS 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker was waiting to surrender the concentration camp. Between April 5th and April 15, 1945, Wicker had supervised the evacuation of around 1,700 prisoners from Hessental, another sub-camp of Natzweiler, to Mnchen William Hap Hazard, a public affairs sergeant with the division headquarters, described how news reporters provided insight to his team before departing for Dachau. Animals.. ABC Dachau Concentration Camp Interactive Map. Comment by Aubrey August 12, 2012 @ 12:18 pm. Under Wickers command were 560 men, many of them Hungarian. On April 28, 1945, Victor Maurer, the Red Cross representative, had tried to persuade 1st Lt. Johannes Otto, the adjutant of Commandant Weiter, not to abandon the camp, but to leave guards posted to keep the prisoners inside until the Americans arrived. If youd like to participate in this important project by sharing your own testimony as a Liberator, please contact us. 2nd Lt. Wicker and Victor Maurer pose at the death train. Dachau liberation reprisals - Wikipedia The goal of this File:Kz dachau liberation person.jpg - Wikimedia Commons [18] Two died as a result of the crash, three survived as prisoners of war in a camp in Poland, one returned to England with the help of the resistance, and Mr Habgood was hanged on 31 July 1944. Dachau Concentration Camp | World War II Database The Natzweiler-Struthof main camp was established nearby on 1 May 1941, in Natzweiler, in the Bruche valley; its site was chosen due to its proximity to a quarry. SS-Gruppenfhrer Theodor Eicke was named the commandant of Dachau Concentration Camp in southern Germany, replacing Hilmar Wckerle. AdobeCopyright 1995-2022 Remember.org. ww2dbaseSS medical doctor Sigmund Rascher was in charge of the human experimentation at Dachau during the camp's operation. ), The total number of prisoners reached 52,000 over the three years, of 32 nationalities. In 1942, a crematorium was constructed to aid in the disposal of the dead. Your email address will not be published. [30] Lang recounts in detail the story of how he determined the identities of the 86 victims gassed for Hirt's project of the Jewish skull collection. The advance was surreal, Hawkins recalled. Who remembers Johnny Cash At FolsomPrison. On April 28, 1945, just 25 days after the United States Army discovered Hitlers terrible secret, the Ohrdruf Concentration Camp. Riflemen, accustomed to witnessing death, had no stomach for rooms stacked almost ceiling high with tangled human bodies adjoining the cremation furnaces, looking like some maniacs woodpile, wrote Tech. First, it is aiming to offer interesting ww2dbaseIn Mar 1933, Heinrich Himmler began to arrange the conversion of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory about 16 kilometers (about 10 miles) northwest of Mnchen (English: Munich) in southern Germany for use as a prison for political prisoners. There were actually three Dachaus ahead of the advancing Americans. Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to being ill or unable to walk. The Jews who were at Dachau when the camp was surrendered were the survivors of the camps in the East. They had been working for the last three or four months in the sub-camps of Dachau and had only recently been brought to the main camp to facilitate an orderly surrender. But the legacy of its role at Dachau would mark the division as liberators and their highest achievement in ending the Holocaust. The camp operated between 21 May 1941 and the beginning of September 1944, when the SS evacuated the surviving prisoners on a "death march" to Dachau, with only a small SS unit keeping the camp's operations. The advance on Munich had to continue. Brother of Woolrod Wicker, Barbara (Wicker) Hall, Death Y 1861 Newberry, Newberry, South Carolina, United States 66-67 Record ID Number ID Number: MH:I1489 User ID ID: BEEE2468-CA53-4659-82B9-30E081B52473 Sources . In France today, a person can be put into prison for approving of a war crime. What the American liberators did at Dachau was a war crime under the rules of the Geneva Convention of 1929. Remus should be cautious about saying good enough for them about the victims of a war crime. A man who lived in Belgium was put into a French prison a couple of years ago for approving of a war crime.. Such operations began later in the same month with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Mnchen and the Landsberg Prison in Landsberg am Lech, making it the first Nazi concentration camp; most of these first prisoners were socialists, communists, and other "enemies of the state". The camps, most of which were small could be drawn on for free labor. [12] [13], Charles Delestraint, leader of the Arme Secrte, was detained at Natzweiler-Struthof, then was executed by the Gestapo in Dachau days before that camp was liberated and the war ended. Your IP address will be tracked even if you remain anonymous. The region, adjacent to the German border, was chosen for full Germanization and was annexed to Gau Baden-Alsace. PBS He wasnt impressed by the job, considering the camp to be a non-military target. It was the birthplace of Nazism and these Soldiers, part of the U.S. 7th Army, wanted the prize. Commandant Weiter made efforts to follow Himmlers evacuation order. And about Johannes OTTO, where did he get to ? Training facilities were located on a larger tract of land adjacent of the main camp. The photo above shows German soldiers being shot after they had surrendered. The building in the background on the right is a hospital. Wounded Wehrmacht soldiers in the regular German Army were dragged out of the hospital and shot with their hands in the air. Private Albert Pruitt then climbed inside and finished off each of the Germans with a shot to the head. On the 25th of April 1945, Germany had been cut in two when American and Soviet troops linked up at the town of Torgau on the Elbe River. While the prisoners were mistreated from the onset, the worst took place in 1945, which saw the death of 11,560 (from US Army report) or 12,596 (from Dachau camp records) prisoners within about five months' time. The collection was sanctioned by Reichsfhrer of the SS Heinrich Himmler, and under the direction of August Hirt with Rudolf Brandt and Wolfram Sievers who was responsible for procuring and preparing the corpses as part of his management of the Ahnenerbe (the National Socialist scientific institute that researched the archaeological and cultural history of the hypothesized Aryan race). As the Americans approached, a committee inside the camp sought ways to find a peaceful surrender.
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heinrich wicker death