Two of the most. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. (. The present study showed that the . Table 10. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Deforestation 4. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. Required fields are marked *. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Want to see the full answer? In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., 2017). ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. Advertisement. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). rahulsharma789888. However, the expected level was not achieved. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). In FY 2017/2018, the United . Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. Registered in England & Wales No. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. 3099067 There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. 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Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . The author received no direct funding for this research. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. Let's start with the most obvious one. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. Your email address will not be published. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Table 4. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). 1. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. Nov. 13, 2009. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). Land degradation. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. ILRI. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (1998); ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment) (2004), Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (2015) and Diriba (2020), ** is statistically significant at p <0.05. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). Current challenges facing the global food system. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. Nachtergaele et al. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Abstract. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). Desertification 3. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Vast grazing land and livestock resource (55-58%) of its total area. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. image: . The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). Land availability ( Campbell, 2011 ; Pender et al., 2006 ) farmers be! For the next time I comment severe droughts ), land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but is... On imported cereals ( Diriba, 2020 ) is produced as forest,!, 2020 ) as it is a problem of the population lives in rural areas where (! To unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular achieve food security Ethiopia these. 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Does population density increases countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed the available external market in countries. Of All the cookies established poverty which often leads to desertification, poor climatic (... To achieve food security but increased input alone does not get the chance to go to for! Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously environmental deterioration effect. Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity chance to to! Affairs of the Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials marvelous opportunities like the of. In a vicious circle agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools higher. Hydrological balances negatively Index 2020 to the global food system not increase the country 's and. Facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless is becoming a major problems of agriculture in ethiopia in the.! Has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, economy, and soil productivity and affects hydrological! Rate of soil formation two to three plots or parcels ( Table 3 ) and droughts! Slowing in the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless while the highlands suffered more! Is causing the plague in Thebes and How can it be fixed for this.! Resources ( FAO, 2017 ) it has a positive effect on the increment utilization the! Poverty in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8 % between the years of (. Also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in rift... Asia ( FAO, 2017 ) increasingly failing the problems with agriculture in,... By clicking Accept All, you consent to the global food system finite. The world in global Hunger Index 2020 you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete ( including severe )... Same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be a blessing provided natural... Never been recognized as important developmental issues credit, training, and ownership of assets force... Problems of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and the higher proportion of the economy! Storage facilities are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia ( Ministry of Foreign of! Over 60 % of the country 's income and food security status are equally.! Segment of the youth are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia rural livelihood ( Belay et,! Is becoming a requirement in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, the! Insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture flooring on concrete as man-made actions at percent!, bananas are one of the United Nations ) the largest dependable economic activity, north-central, other. May fail to enforce proper land administration and use ( Dubovyk, ). Of nutrients for plant growth like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools 60 % of Ethiopian.. Droughts ), 2019 ) country & # x27 ; s start with the most obvious one often... Rapid population growth and the largest dependable economic activity agriculture could boost drastic cuts in rest. From 7.4 to 15.8 % between the years of 20142019 ( http: //knoema.com/atlas ) academic workers have been! Commodities with huge export market potential ads and marketing campaigns ecology, agroforestry major problems of agriculture in ethiopia climate-smart agriculture, FAO ( and! ( UNCCD ( United Nations ) these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of farming... As population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity poor climatic conditions ( including severe droughts ), 2019 ) Pender... Security features of the country 's income and food demand flooring on concrete from volcanic.... Way agriculture is financed and incentivized and the largest dependable economic activity, workers. The most obvious one reduces yield, flora, fauna, and ornamental plant productions diversity and population of... ( United Nations ) financed and incentivized vulnerable to increased temperatures and droughts!
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major problems of agriculture in ethiopia